Amset:
Alternate name[s]: Imsety, Mestha; Golden Dawn, Ameshet
One of the Four Sons of Horus, Amset was the protector of the liver of the deceased, and was protected by the goddess Isis. He was represented as a mummified man.
See also The Four Sons of Horus
Anubis:
Alternate name[s]: Anpu; Golden Dawn, Ano-Oobist
Anubis (Greek, from Egyptian Anpu) is the god of embalming. It is Anubis who embalmed Osiris, the first mummy, and thus preserved him to live again. His role is to glorify and preserve all the dead. He was the son of Nephthys, although by some traditions the father was Set, and by still others, Osiris.
Anubis is depicted as a jackal, or as a jackal-headed man. Anubis' presence is represented in costume at the embalming of the dead, and also at the Opening of the Mouth ceremony. He often appears in sculptured or painted form inside tombs, and in depictions of the Judgement of the Dead he was present to monitor the Scales of Truth.
Duamutef:
Alternate name[s]: Tuamutef; Golden Dawn, Thmoomathph
One of the Four Sons of Horus, Duamutef was was the protector of the stomach of the deceased, and was protected by the goddess Neith. He was represented as a mummified man with the head of a jackal.
See also The Four Sons of Horus
The Four Sons of Horus:
The four sons of Horus were the protectors of the parts of the body of Osiris, and from this, became the protectors of the body of all the deceased. Their names were: Amset, Hapi, Duamutef, and Qebhsenuef. They were protected in turn by the goddesses Isis, Nephthys, Neith, and Selket.
The four sons shown here are:
Imsety, the human head
Duamutef, the jackal head
Qebehsenuef, the falcon head
Hapi, the baboon head
Hapi:
Alternate name[s]: Golden Dawn, Ahephi
One of the Four Sons of Horus, Hapi was the protector of the lungs of the deceased, and was protected by the goddess Nephthys. He was represented as a mummified man with the head of a baboon.
See also The Four Sons of Horus
Horus:
Alternate name[s]: Hor
Horus is king of the living, and is one of the most important deities of Egypt. As a child, Horus is the son of Osiris and Isis, who, upon reaching adulthood, avenges his father's death, by defeating and castrating his evil uncle Seth. After this he became the divine prototype of the Pharaoh.
Horus is usually depicted as a falcon, or as a falcon-headed man. Like, Maat, Osiris, Seth, and Anubis, he was present at the Judgement of the Dead.
Isis:
Alternate name[s]: Auset
Isis is perhaps the most important goddess of all Egyptian mythology. Her most important functions were those of motherhood, marital devotion, healing the sick, and the working of magical spells and charms. She was believed to be the most powerful magician in the universe, owing to the fact that she had learned the Secret Name of Ra from the god himself.
Isis was the sister and wife of Osiris, sister of Set, and twin sister of Nephthys. She was the mother of Horus the Child (Harpocrates), and was the protective goddess of Horus's son Amset, protector of the liver of the deceased. Isis was responsible for protecting Horus from Set during his infancy; for helping Osiris to return to life; and for assisting her husband to rule in the land of the Dead.
Isis is usually depicted as a woman wearing the crown of Hathor, a solar disk held inbetween cow horns.
Maat:
Alternate name[s]: none
Maat's name implies "truth" and "justice" and "order." She is considered the wife of Thoth and the daughter of Ra by various traditions.
Maat is represented as a tall woman with an ostrich feather in her hair. She was present at the Judgement of the Dead, where her feather, symbolic of truth, justice and order, was balanced against the heart of the deceased to determine whether he had led a pure and honest life.
Osiris:
Alternate name[s]: Ausar
Osiris is the god of the dead and the god of the resurrection into eternal life; he is ruler, protector, and judge of the deceased. His cult originated in Abydos, where his actual tomb was said to be located.
Osiris was the first child of Nut and Geb, thus the brother of Set, Nephthys, and Isis, who was also his wife. By Isis he fathered Horus, and according to some stories, Nephthys assumed the form of Isis, seduced him thus, and from their union was born Anubis.
In the beginning, it was said that Osiris ruled the world of men , after Ra had abandoned it to rule the skies, but he was murdered by his brother Set. Through the magic of Isis, he was made to live again. Being the first living thing to die, he thus became lord of the dead. His death was avenged by his son Horus, who defeated Set and cast him out into the desert to the West of Egypt (the Sahara).
Ptah:
Alternate name[s]: none
Worshipped in Memphis from the earliest dynastic times (c.3100 BC), Ptah was seen by Memphites as the creator of the universe. He formed the bodies in which dwelt the souls of men in the afterlife. Other versions of the myths state that he worked under Thoth's orders, creating the heavens and the earth according to Thoth's instructions.
Ptah is depicted as a bearded man wearing a skullcap, shrouded much like a mummy, with his hands emerging from the wrappings in front and holding the Uas (phoenix-headed) scepter, an Ankh, and a Djed (sign of stability). He was often worshipped in conjunction with the gods Seker and Osiris, and worshipped under the name Ptah-seker-ausar.
Qebhsenuef:
Alternate name[s]: Kabexnuf, Qebsneuef
One of the Four Sons of Horus, Qebhsenuef was the protector of the intestines of the deceased, and was protected by the goddess Selket. He was represented as a mummified man with the head of a falcon.
See also The Four Sons of Horus
Ra:
Alternate name[s]: none
Ra was the god of the sun; the name is thought to have meant "creative power,"or, as a proper name, "Creator," similar in meaning to the English Christian idea of "almighty God." Very early in Egyptian history Ra was identified with Horus, who as a hawk or falon-god represented the loftiness of the skies.
Ra was father of Shu and Tefnut, grandfather of Nut and Geb, great-grandfather of Osiris, Set, Isis, and Nephthys, and great-great-grandfather to Horus. In later periods (about Dynasty 18 on) Osiris and Isis superceded him in popularity, but he remained Ra netjer-aa neb-pet ("Ra, the great God, Lord of Heaven") whether worshiped in his own right or, in later times, as one aspect of the Lord of the Universe, Amen-Ra.
Ra is depicted either as a hawk-headed man or as a hawk. And often, he is depicted as traveling in a boat, which is how he travels through the Underworld, bringing light and speaking the words that allow mummies to awaken and throw off their bandages.
Set:
Alternate name[s]: Seth
In earliest times, Set was the patron deity of Lower (Northern) Egypt, and represented the fierce storms of the desert whom the Lower Egyptians sought to appease. However, when Upper Egypt conquered Lower Egypt making way for the First Dynasty, Set became known as the evil enemy of Horus (Upper Egypt's dynastic god).
Set was the brother of Osiris, Isis, and both brother of and husband to Nephthys; according to some versions of the myths he is also father of Anubis.
Set is best known for murdering his brother and attempting to kill his nephew Horus; Horus, however, managed to survive and grew up to avenge his father's death by establishing his rule over all Egypt, castrating Set, and casting him out into the lonely desert for all time.
Thoth:
Alternate name[s]: Tahuti
Thoth was the god of wisdom and of the written word. It is said that he was self-created at the beginning of time, along with his consort Maat (truth), or perhaps created by Ra.
Thoth was depicted as a man with the head of an ibis bird, and carried a reed and scrolls upon which he recorded all things. He was shown as attendant in almost all major scenes involving the gods, but especially at the Judgement of the Dead, where he records the results of the deceased's judgement.
Last updated 20 February 1997 by CHICO
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